Let’s take a closer look at the contents of a
sample directory by typing the command
ls -l
(the “l” stands for
“long”.)
total 42 | |||||
-rwxr-xr-x -rw-rw-r-- -rw-rw-r-- -rw-r--r-- drwxrwxr-x -rw-r----- -rwxr-xr-x |
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 |
joe acctg joe acctg joe acctg joe acctg joe acctg joe acctg joe acctg |
23068 12878 2645 168 1024 512 2645 |
Feb 26 2004 Jul 24 21:58 Jun 30 08:48 Jul 17 11:51 Mar 18 16:27 Sep 1 07:00 Aug 4 11:03 |
archive.sh orgchart.gif personnel.txt publicity.html sales topsecret.inf wordmatic |
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The total line tells how many blocks (usually 1024
bytes per block) are contained in this directory.
To see what the columns in the remainder of the listing mean, click the “info” buttons beneath them.
The first character in this column tells what kind of file
this is. The dash represents a normal file; the d
represents a directory.
The remaining characters describe the file’s permissions, which we will cover in detail in the next pages.
This column tells how many hard links there are for this file.
These two columns tell you the name of the owner of the file and the group to which the owner belongs.
The size of the file, in bytes. For directories, this is the size of the directory, not the total of the directory’s contents!
This column contains the date and time at which the file was last modified. Note that you get time of day if the modification was during this year; otherwise you see the year.
The last column contains the file name.
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